📡 BLE & IoTUpdated: September 2, 2026
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Micro-Location: iBeacon Ranging, AoA/AoD Angle Estimation & Proximity Triggers
By Mobile Telecommunications & Network Security Review Board
Understanding Bluetooth 5.1 direction finding: RSSI path loss formulas, Eddystone TLM frames, Angle of Arrival (AoA) antenna arrays, and sub-meter positioning.
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) enables micro-location sensing with precision ranging down to centimeters, powering asset tracking, retail beacons, and smart building automation.
1. BLE Beacon Standards Compared
| Beacon Standard | Developer | Frame Payload | Ranging Precision |
|---|---|---|---|
| iBeacon | Apple | UUID (16 bytes) + Major (2 bytes) + Minor (2 bytes) + TX Power | 0.5m – 2.0m (RSSI) |
| Eddystone | UID, URL, TLM (Telemetry), EID (Encrypted Ephemeral ID) | 0.5m – 2.0m (RSSI) | |
| BLE 5.1 Direction Finding | Bluetooth SIG | Constant Tone Extension (CTE) with AoA/AoD antenna arrays | 0.1m – 0.5m (Angle) |
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