Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) and its 4G successor Diameter manage call routing, roaming handover, and SMS delivery across global mobile network operators (MNOs).

1. SS7 Signaling Vulnerabilities

Core Signaling Exploits

Because SS7 originally assumed all interconnected telecommunications carriers were trustworthy state-owned entities, it lacks built-in sender authentication. Malicious actors with Global Title (GT) access can query Home Location Registers (HLR) directly.

SS7 MAP MessageIntended Operational PurposeExploitation Risk
SRI-SM (SendRoutingInfoForSM)Retrieve MSC/VLR address to route incoming SMSObtains target serving Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
PSI (ProvideSubscriberInfo)Query target VLR for current subscriber statusExtracts exact Serving Cell Global Identity (CGI) and Timing Advance
AnyTimeInterrogation (ATI)Location query for specialized network servicesDirectly requests real-time subscriber GPS/cell coordinates from HLR